Urban violence

نویسنده

  • David Herbert
چکیده

UrbanViolenceUrban violence hasbecome an endemic featureofcities inall parts of theworld. The consensus isthatlevels ofviolence areincreasing generally butthatthere aresignificant differences betweendifferent partsof theworld. Recent studiesreview these assumptionsandexamine the problems associated with monitoringtheincidence ofviolent crime.There arenew dimen¬sions to urbanviolence thatinclude the rise inthe drugtrade, moreorganized crime and thetrendtowardsmore use offirearms. Cities offer specific situationsinwhichviolent crime is morelikely to occur. There aregeographies ofviolent crime that not onlypoint outdifferences between cities but also highlight local con¬centrations ofcrimewithinindividual cities. Societyseeks tocontrol violent crime, principally through itscriminal justice Systems but also byinvolving Commu¬nity action andlocalinitiatives. Zusammenfassung: StädtischeGewaltStädtischeGewalt ist einweltweites Phänomen.Dieübereinstimmende Ansicht ist, dassderGradderGewalt im allgemeinen ansteigt, dochherrschen mar¬kante Unterschiede in denverschiedenen TeilenderWelt.Kürzliche Studien prüfen diese Vermutungen unduntersuchen die Probleme, die sich beiderBeobach¬tung desVorkommens von Gewaltverbrechen zeigen.Es gibt neue Dimensionen städtischer Gewalt, diedieZunahme des Drogenhandels beinhalten, dasstärkerorganisierte Verbrechen und denTrend zuhäufigeremGebrauch von Feuerwaffen. Städte schaffen spezifi¬sche Situationen, indenenGewaltverbrechen schnel¬ lerauftreten. Es gibtgeographischeBeschreibungenvonGewaltverbrechen, dienicht nur dieUnterschiedezwischen Städten aufzeigen, sondern auch dielokalenKonzentrationen innerhalbindividueller Städte.DieGesellschaft versucht. Gewaltverbrechen zu kontrol¬lieren, hauptsächlich durch ihr Kriminal-Justizsystem,jedoch auchdurch dasEinbinden vongemeinschaftli¬chemHandeln und von lokalenInitiativen. Resume:Violence urbaine Laviolence urbaine est unphenomene mondial. II y aconsensus general sur lefait que le degre deviolenceaugmente dans l'ensemble, quoiqu'il existe desdifferen¬ces notoires dans lesdiverses parties du globe. Desetudes recentes ont analyse le degre deveracite de cessuppositions etexamine les problemes posespar l'ob-servation de l'apparition descrimes. IIexiste de nou¬velles dimensions de laviolence urbaine, quiintegrentl'accroissement dutrafic de drogues,l'organisation ren-forcee de lacriminalite et latendance aurecoursplusfrequent auxarmes äfeu. Lesvillessuscitent dessituations specifiques qui induisent plusrapidementdescrimes. IIexiste des descriptions geographiques decrimes, qui ne revelent pas seulement desdifferencesentre villes, mais aussi desconcentrations locales äl'in¬terieur desvilles prises individuellement. Lasocietetente decontröler les crimes,notamment par son Sys¬teme de juridiction criminelle, mais aussi par le recoursä une action collective et ädesinitiatives locales. Teaching of Geography relevant questions -What reasons aregiven for themarkeddifference inurban violence betweendifferent regions oftheworld? -Why should theincidence ofurban violenceand thechances of being victimized bemuch higherin specific districts orneighbourhoods within majorcities? -What changes within Westernsocieties may lead toan increase inthelevels ofurbanviolence? UrbanViolence DavidHerbert217 -List keypolicy strategies ofcitiesthat appear tobe most successful in containing and amelioratingthe impacts ofurbanviolence. -Which theories aim to explain the causes ofcrimi-nality? -What importance can beattributed to ageograph-ically based approach ofObservation inconnectionwith criminality? -Which types ofcrimes are committed inwhatkinds

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تاریخ انتشار 2012